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23 August 1939: and sign non-aggression pact.

avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_centu

The world is shocked—but would have been much more shocked had it known what the secret protocol contained and what it would mean for and the states

avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_centu

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23 August 1939

- Nonaggression Pact.
The world was shocked. Much of the response focused on the cynicism behind such a step.

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Jim Wald

23 August 1939: non-aggression pact between Germany & Union: a prelude to their joint dismemberment and occupation of Poland.

Today, it is European Day of Remembrance of Victims of All Totalitarian & Authoritarian Regimes (variant: for All Victims of Nazism & Stalinism)

Advocates saw this as a long-overdue recognition of the crimes of Stalinism & their consequences. (Some critics feared moral equivalence)

europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etu

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ri

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Stunned delegates at 21st Congress in Geneva hear news of - nonaggression pact, 23 August 1939.

Caption from Conor Cruise Obrien (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Cr) The Siege (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sieg)

"They look like people who have heard a death sentence passed on members of their own family"

Testifying to the Peel Commission on (1936-1937), Chaim Weizmann said "Six million Jews need a home."

timesofisrael.com/what-matters

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@CitizenWald Some called Stalin's communism Red Fascism, Красный фашизм.